Paparan Pestisida melalui ASI: Implikasi terhadap Kesehatan Bayi dan Risiko Stunting

Imelda Iskandar; Azniah Syam; Mardiana Ahmad; Jumrah Sudirman; Armiyati Nur; Dinah Inrawati Agustin

doi:10.32382/medkes.v20i1.1455

Penulis

Imelda Iskandar Universitas Mega Buana Palopo
Azniah Syam Universitas Mega Buana Palopo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8451-3895
Mardiana Ahmad Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Hasanuddin
Jumrah Sudirman Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Hasanuddin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-9537
Armiyati Nur Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan (STIK) Makassar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1540-6498
Dinah Inrawati Agustin Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Hasanuddin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-5953

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32382/medkes.v20i1.1455

Kata Kunci:

Pupuk Kimia, Pestisida, ASI, Stunting

Abstrak

Penggunaan pupuk kimia dan pestisida yang meluas dalam pertanian modern telah meningkatkan hasil panen secara signifikan. Namun, peningkatan kekhawatiran tentang potensi implikasi kesehatan dari bahan kimia pertanian ini telah mendorong penelitian ekstensif. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan untuk meneliti sejauh mana paparan zat-zat ini selama kehamilan dan menyusui dapat mencemari Air Susu Ibu (ASI). Kami bertujuan untuk menilai potensi efek buruk paparan pestisida dan pupuk dalam ASI terhadap kesehatan dan perkembangan bayi, dengan fokus pada prevalensi kontaminan, potensi risiko kesehatan, dan efektivitas intervensi untuk mengurangi paparan. Tinjauan sistematis ini dilakukan menggunakan basis data daring PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar, mencakup periode 2017 hingga 2024. Medical Subject Headings (MESH) dan kata kunci target seperti "Pestisida," "Pupuk Kimia," "Air Susu Ibu," "Kontaminasi," “Kesehatan Ibu,” “Kesehatan Bayi,” dan “Stunting” digunakan dalam pencarian. Semua publikasi berbahasa Inggris ditinjau dan disertakan. Tinjauan ini mencakup investigasi intervensi seperti uji klinis acak dan studi kuasi-eksperimental. Pencarian menghasilkan 130 studi, dan setelah penyaringan, 10 studi disertakan dalam tinjauan ini. Penelitian secara konsisten menunjukkan adanya paparan pestisida dalam ASI, terutama di daerah pertanian intensif. Sebuah studi di Amerika Latin menemukan bahwa 100% sampel ASI mengandung residu diklorodifeniltrikloroetana (DDT). Penelitian di Meksiko melaporkan 76% sampel ASI mengandung turunan pestisida. Studi di Arab Saudi mendeteksi 16 jenis pestisida organoklorin (OCP). Di Indonesia, semua sampel ASI dari petani wanita mengandung residu p,p'-DDE di atas 0,001 mg/kg. Semua artikel yang disertakan dalam tinjauan ini adalah studi observasional, khususnya studi cross-sectional dan case-control, yang menyelidiki keberadaan pestisida dan polutan organik persisten (POPs) dalam ASI. Berbagai penelitian secara konsisten menunjukkan kontaminasi pestisida dalam ASI, menimbulkan keprihatinan serius mengenai dampaknya pada kesehatan bayi sejak dini. Paparan pestisida melalui ASI dapat berdampak negatif pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan, khususnya pada sistem saraf, endokrin, dan reproduksi. Di Indonesia, paparan pestisida di lingkungan pertanian telah diidentifikasi sebagai faktor risiko signifikan terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak.

Kata Kunci : Pupuk Kimia; Pestisida; ASI; Stunting

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