Behavioral and Anthropometric Predictors of Noncommunicable Diseases Among Older Adults: The Dominance of Smoking and Central Obesity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32382/medkes.v21i1.1873Keywords:
Noncommunicable Diseases, Aged, Risk Factors, Community Health Nursing, LifestyleAbstract
The escalating burden of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) poses a significant public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. In the Rancakalong Health Center area, Sumedang, hypertension prevalence among older adults has reached a critical 56.8%. This study aimed to identify and delineate the risk profiles of community-based NCDs—specifically a reported history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia—among the older population. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a total sampling technique, involving 711 older adults. Data were collected using the validated Modified NCD Screening Form, covering lifestyle parameters, anthropometry, and clinical history. Independent predictors were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of NCD history among subjects was 57.9%. The multivariate model identified smoking habits as the strongest predictor (OR=3.49; 95% CI: 2.35–5.18; p<0.001). Other significant risk factors included infrequent vegetable/fruit consumption (OR=1.79; p<0.001), high-salt/fat intake (OR=2.12; p<0.001), overweight and obesity (OR=1.82–3.00; p=0.003), and increased abdominal circumference (OR=2.46; p<0.001). Conversely, low to moderate physical activity showed a protective effect (OR: 0.58 and 0.40; p<0.001), while alcohol consumption was not statistically significant (p=0.823). These findings underscore the urgency of evidence-based public health interventions at the primary care level. Shifting the focus toward lifestyle modifications is essential to mitigate NCD risks and enhance the quality of life for older adults in community settings.
References
1. Sari C, Khoeriyah V, Lukman M. Factors Related to The Utilization of Integration Health Program (Posbindu) Among Older Adults in Indonesia: A Scoping Review. Clin Interv Aging. 2024 Jul;Volume 19:1361–70. doi:10.2147/CIA.S462621
2. Pradana AA, Chiu HL, Lin CJ, Lee SC. Prevalence of frailty in Indonesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2023 Nov 27;23(1):778. doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04468-y
3. Griselda M, Alfian SD, Wicaksono IA, Wawruch M, Abdulah R. Findings from the Indonesian family life survey on patterns and factors associated with multimorbidity. Sci Rep. 2023 Oct 30;13(1):18607. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42603-2
4. Asmuruf MM, Martini M, Setyawan H, Widjanarko B, Musthofa SB. Diet – Related Risk Factors for Incident Hypertension in Malawili, Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia. Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas. 2025 May 28;10(2):64–71. doi:10.14710/jekk.v10i2.22173
5. Aji B, Masfiah S, Anandari D, Intiasari AD, Widyastari DA. Enablers and Barriers of Healthcare Services for Community-Dwelling Elderly in Rural Indonesia: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. Portuguese Journal of Public Health. 2023;41(1):65–79. doi:10.1159/000530047
6. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia. Jakarta, 2024. Report.
7. Kementerian Kesehatan. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2024. Jakarta, 2025. Report.
8. Arifin H, Chou KR, Ibrahim K, Fitri SUR, Pradipta RO, Rias YA, et al. Analysis of Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Physiological Risk Factors of Noncommunicable Diseases in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022 Sep;Volume 15:2203–21. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S382191
9. Rahmawati ND, Andriani H, Wirawan F, Farsia L, Waits A, Karim Taufiqurahman KA. Body mass index as a dominant risk factor for metabolic syndrome among Indonesian adults: a 6-year prospective cohort study of Noncommunicable diseases. BMC Nutr. 2024 Mar 4;10(1):43. doi:10.1186/s40795-024-00856-8
10. Pratiwi DA, Zuriati Z, Yazid Nabil I H, Yadi A. Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Kualitas Punggung Bawah Mahasiswi Ilmu Kesehatan. Media Kesehatan Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar. 2024 Dec 12;19(2):188–94. doi:10.32382/medkes.v19i2.858
11. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Barat. Profil Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Barat. Bandung, 2023. Report.
12. Tamaulina, Irmawati, Muhamad Sabir, Indra Tjahyadi. Metodologi Penelitian (Teori dan Praktik). Tamaulina. Karawang: CV Saba Jaya Publisher; 2024.
13. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Information on preventing and controlling Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) [Internet]. Jakarta, 2021. Available from: https://repository.kemkes.go.id/book/126
14. WHO. Noncommunicable diseases. WHO. 2025.
15. Schröders J, Wall S, Hakimi M, Dewi FST, Weinehall L, Nichter M, et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. PLoS One. 2021 Jun 20;12(6):e0179186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4
16. Marthias T, Anindya K, Ng N, McPake B, Atun R, Arfyanto H, et al. Impact of Noncommunicable disease multimorbidity on health service use, catastrophic health expenditure and productivity loss in Indonesia: a population-based panel data analysis study. BMJ Open. 2021 Feb 17;11(2):e041870. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041870
17. Gallardo-Rincón H, Montoya A, Saucedo-Martínez R, Mújica-Rosales R, Suárez-Idueta L, Martínez-Juárez LA, et al. Integrated Measurement for Early Detection (MIDO) as a digital strategy for timely assessment of Noncommunicable disease profiles and factors associated with unawareness and control: a retrospective observational study in primary healthcare facilities in Mexico. BMJ Open. 2021 Sep 2;11(9):e049836. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049836
18. Hadavandsiri F, Shafaati M, Nejad M, Mousavi ME, Najafi A, Mirzaei M, et al. Noncommunicable disease comorbidities in HIV patients: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and obstructive sleep apnea as a neglected issue. Sci Rep. 2023;13. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39828-6
19. Brauer M, Roth GA, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abate KH, Abate YH, et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet. 2024 May;403(10440):2162–203. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4
20. Kumar Karn S, Zhao F, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zeng C, Shaikh II, et al. Metabolic syndrome with mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in an elderly population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025 May 22;16. doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1570191
21. Papaioannou IA, Typas MA. High‐Throughput Assessment and Genetic Investigation of Vegetative Compatibility in Verticillium dahliae. Journal of Phytopathology. 2015 Jun 11;163(6):475–85. doi:10.1111/jph. 12345
22. Supriadi KDYTRSLM ahmad husni, susi susanti. Keperawatan Gerontik. Yogyakarta: Deepublish; 2025.
23. Malau E, Ramavhoya IT, Rasweswe MM. Importance of Utilizing Noncommunicable Disease Screening Tools; Ward-Based Community Health Care Workers of South Africa Explain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Feb 24;21(3):263. doi:10.3390/ijerph21030263
24. Basu P, Mahajan M, Patira N, Prasad S, Mogri S, Muwonge R, et al. A pilot study to evaluate home-based screening for the common Noncommunicable diseases by a dedicated cadre of community health workers in a rural setting in India. BMC Public Health. 2019 Dec 3;19(1):14. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6350-4
25. Fritz M, Grimm M, My Hanh HT, Koot JAR, Nguyen GH, Nguyen TPL, et al. Effectiveness of community-based diabetes and hypertension prevention and management programmes in Indonesia and Viet Nam: a quasi-experimental study. BMJ Glob Health. 2024 May 22;9(5):e015053. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015053
26. Klopack ET, Carroll JE, Cole SW, Seeman TE, Crimmins EM. Lifetime exposure to smoking, epigenetic aging, and morbidity and mortality in older adults. Clin Epigenetics. 2022 Dec 1;14(1). doi:10.1186/s13148-022-01286-8 PubMed PMID: 35643537.
27. He K, Dong X, Yang T, Li Z, Liu Y, He J, et al. Smoking aggravates neovascular age-related macular degeneration via Sema4D-PlexinB1 axis-mediated activation of pericytes. Nature Communications. 2025 Dec 1;16(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58074-0 PubMed PMID: 40121188.
28. Wang H, Qin X, Qiao C, Lou S, Sun X, Song Y, et al. Effect of Earlier Age of Tobacco Exposure on Accelerated Biological Aging in Adulthood. Mayo Clin Proc. 2025 Sep;100(9):1519–34. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2025.01.009
29. Yang JJ, Yu D, Shu XO, Freedman ND, Wen W, Rahman S, et al. Quantifying the association of low-intensity and late initiation of tobacco smoking with total and cause-specific mortality in Asia. Tob Control. 2021 May;30(3):328–35. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055412
30. Messner B, Bernhard D. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014 Mar;34(3):509–15. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.300156
31. Chang S, Kim H, Kim V, Lee K, Jeong H, Lee JH, et al. Association Between Smoking and Physician-Diagnosed Stroke and Myocardial Infarction in Male Adults in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jan 25;13(2):158. doi:10.3390/ijerph13020158
32. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pedoman Kerja Puskesmas Lintas Klaster. Jakarta, 2024.
33. Dewi Nur Sukma Purqoti, Supriyadi S, Zaenal Arifin, Dian Istiana, Baiq Rully Fatmawati, Baik Heni Rispawati. Edukasi cerdik sebagai strategi pencegahan penyakit tidak menular pada lansia di Kota Mataram. Jurnal Akademik Pengabdian Masyarakat. 2025 Jul 19;3(4):353–6. doi:10.61722/japm.v3i4.5974
