Faktor Predisposisi, Klasifikasi Subgrup, Biomarker dan Mekanisme Pencegahan Obesitas : Tinjauan Pustaka

Mira Andini; Budirman Budirman; Besse Uswatun Hasanah

doi:10.32382/medkes.v20i1.1414

Penulis

Mira Andini Jurusan Gizi, Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
Budirman Jurusan Kesehatan Lingkungan, Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar
Besse Uswatun Hasanah Jurusan Teknologi Laboratorium Medis, Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32382/medkes.v20i1.1414

Kata Kunci:

Predisposisi, sub kelompok, biomarker, pencegahan, Obesitas

Abstrak

Obesitas telah muncul sebagai tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang kritis secara global, didorong oleh elemen predisposisi multifaktorial seperti sosiodemografi, perilaku, genetik, dan faktor lingkungan obesogenik. Tinjauan literatur sistematis ini mensintesis bukti tentang subkelompok obesitas (misalnya, obesitas yang sehat secara metabolik [MHO], obesitas yang tidak sehat secara metabolik [MUO]), biomarker (mikroRNA, adipokin, penanda stres oksidatif, mikrobiota usus, dan indeks produk akumulasi lipid), dan strategi pencegahan. Pencarian sistematis pada database PubMed, Scopus, dan Web of Science (2010-2023) mengidentifikasi studi yang telah ditinjau oleh rekan sejawat yang membahas etiologi, klasifikasi, dan intervensi obesitas. Temuan-temuan utama menyoroti interaksi antara defisiensi nutrisi di awal kehidupan dan disregulasi metabolisme di kemudian hari, peran jaringan adiposa visceral (VAT) dalam menyempurnakan fenotipe obesitas, dan potensi diagnostik biomarker seperti miR-222 dan leptin. Strategi pencegahan, termasuk pendidikan gizi berbasis sekolah, pajak makanan ultra-proses, dan bedah bariatrik untuk kasus yang parah, menunjukkan kemanjuran yang berbeda-beda di seluruh populasi. Tinjauan ini menekankan perlunya pendekatan multidimensi yang disesuaikan dengan konteks regional, terutama di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah di mana beban ganda malnutrisi masih ada. Dengan mengintegrasikan bukti-bukti interaksi genetik-lingkungan dan biomarker baru, penelitian ini memberikan wawasan yang dapat ditindaklanjuti bagi para pembuat kebijakan dan praktisi kesehatan untuk mengurangi beban obesitas yang terus meningkat.

Kata Kunci: Faktor predisposisi, klasifikasi subkelompok, biomarker, mekanisme pencegahan, obesitas

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