Tanaman Obat Sebagai Inhibitor Xanthine Oxidase Dengan Mekanisme Multitarget Pada Hiperurisemia Dan Gout
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v22i1.2024Kata Kunci:
Gout, Hiperurisemia, Inhibitor multitarget, Tanaman Obat, Xantin oksidaseAbstrak
Medicinal Plants as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors with a Multitarget Mechanism in Hyperuricemia and Gout
Hyperuricemia is the main causative factor of gout, associated with elevated uric acid levels resulting from overproduction or impaired excretion. The enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) plays an important role in the formation of uric acid, this becoming a primary target in gout therapy. This review aims to identify and analyze medicinal plants that have xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity and their therapeutic potential in the management of hyperuricemia and gout. A literature search was conducted on the Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for articles published from 2020 to 2025 using a combination of keywords related to "xanthine oxidase inhibitor," "hyperuricemia," and "medicinal plants." Inclusion criteria included original studies (in vitro and/or in vivo) with clearly described XO assay methods, while non-peer-reviewed articles, those without complete data, or those without validated methods were excluded. From the selection results, 23 plants were found to meet the criteria. Active compounds such as chrysin (Piper sarmentosum), limonene (Pistacia chinensis), andrographolide (Andrographis paniculata), and morin (Maclura cochinchinensis) showed high potential, in some studies approaching or exceeding that of allopurinol. In addition to inhibiting XO, medicinal plants also work through modulation of uric acid transporters (URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1, ABCG2), as well as possessing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities that contribute to renal and hepatic protection. With their multi-target mechanisms of action and better safety profiles, medicinal plants have the potential to become an alternative therapy for gout, although further clinical trials are still needed.
Hiperurisemia merupakan faktor utama penyebab gout yang berkaitan dengan peningkatan kadar asam urat akibat produksi berlebih maupun gangguan ekskresi. Enzim xanthine oxidase (XO) berperan penting dalam pembentukan asam urat sehingga menjadi target utama dalam terapi gout. Review ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis tanaman obat yang memiliki aktivitas penghambatan enzim xanthine oxidase (XO) serta potensi terapinya dalam penanganan hiperurisemia dan gout. Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada database Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar untuk artikel tahun 2020-2025 menggunakan kombinasi kata kunci terkait “xanthine oxidase inhibitor”, “hyperuricemia”, dan “medicinal plants”. Kriteria inklusi meliputi studi original (in vitro dan/atau in vivo) dengan metode uji XO yang jelas, sedangkan artikel non peer-reviewed, tanpa data lengkap, atau tanpa metode valid dikeluarkan. Dari hasil seleksi, diperoleh 23 tanaman yang memenuhi kriteria. Senyawa aktif seperti chrysin (Piper sarmentosum), limonene (Pistacia chinensis), andrographolide (Andrographis paniculata), dan morin (Maclura cochinchinensis) menunjukkan potensi tinggi, pada beberapa studi mendekati atau melebihi allopurinol. Selain menghambat XO, tanaman obat juga bekerja melalui modulasi transporter asam urat (URAT1, GLUT9, OAT1, ABCG2), serta memiliki aktivitas antiinflamasi dan antioksidan yang berkontribusi pada proteksi ginjal dan hati. Dengan mekanisme kerja yang bersifat multi-target dan profil keamanan yang lebih baik, tanaman obat berpotensi menjadi alternatif terapi gout, meskipun uji klinis lanjutan masih diperlukan.
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